Marriage was the central social institution regulating sexual activity. It was both a spiritual sacrament and a legal contract, often arranged to consolidate wealth, power, and family alliances rather than based on romantic love.

The ideal medieval marriage was based on mutual fidelity and procreation. Adultery was severely condemned, especially for women, who faced harsh penalties for infidelity, including public shaming, exile, or even death in extreme cases. Men, particularly nobles, were sometimes afforded greater sexual latitude, including extramarital affairs and concubinage.

Virginity, especially female virginity before marriage, was highly prized. The purity of brides was linked to family honor and social standing. Courts sometimes demanded proof of virginity, and violations could have serious social and legal repercussions.

Sexuality and Gender Roles

Gender norms heavily influenced sexual expectations. Men were often perceived as having stronger sexual drives and were granted more sexual freedom. Women, conversely, were expected to be modest, chaste, and obedient, with their sexuality tightly controlled to ensure legitimate heirs.

However, women also exercised forms of sexual agency, albeit within constraints. They could negotiate marriage arrangements, manage households, and, in some cases, wield power through sexuality. Noblewomen sometimes used their sexuality politically, while peasant women’s experiences were shaped by survival and family needs. shutdown123